what is love of philosophy?
I say : ὰλλὰ τῇ δίκαιοσύνῃ δή όι δίκαιοι ἀδίκους; --Πλάτων. Republic
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假如我們認為要相信某個命題知識 P 必須要有知態上證成(epistemic justified) 的真信念(true belief)

那麼一定要面對Gettier Problem, Gettier認為 即使擁有知態上證成的真信念 也不表示能夠真的擁有知識(至少聲稱上是不足的)

從前幾篇中提過cai lian碰巧看到真穀倉的例子 我們可以知道 在一個假的前提下 即使獲得一個真信念 那樣的真信念也無法支持"得到知識" 然而如何解決Gettier的問題 可以回到Nozick的說法上 Nozick認為某人知道一棵樹 就表示他能夠"回溯"到"他知覺到這棵樹" 這件事 當他知覺到樹 就表示他並不是在"鮮明的夢境"中看著這棵樹

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σω ̃μα ση ̃μα

(body)  (grave)

身體 是靈魂的墳墓

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在 justified 的概念底下 若

(i) proposition P is true, S knows that P

(ii) S believes that P

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In chapter 1 we emphasized that the epistemologist is primarily interested in epistemic reason of ustification for belief.

第一章我們強調 知識論者關切的是有知態上的理由所證成的真信念

There may be prudential or moral reason for holding a belief, but they are not the primary focus of the epistemologist.

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It is hard to see how pragmatic considerations can do much work in securing the truth of knowledge claims. The pragmatic contextualist wanted it to turn out that we do know most of the time what we are going to be doing tomorrow, the next day,next week and perhaps even this summer.

我們很難由實用上的考量確知對知識的宣稱 實用脈絡主義想要我們知道 我們真的能曉得大多數時候及明天我們會做什麼 明天 下星期甚至這個夏天


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Philosophers have been obsessed with understanding and achieving propositional knowledge since Plato wondered in the theatetus  2,500 years ago what must be added to true belief in  order to get knowledge.

2500年前 柏拉圖的"泰鄂提德斯"篇中就論及知識是真信念再加上某樣東西而變成知識的 哲學家們便開始說明及研究如何理解命題知識

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Epistemological concept:
know,
justification,

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